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What is this?

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a response header that tells browsers to only ever connect to your site over HTTPS — even if the user types http:// or clicks an http:// link. The browser enforces this locally for the duration of max-age.

Why does it matter?

Even with an HTTP redirect in place, the very first request could go over HTTP before being redirected. A network attacker could intercept that first request (SSL stripping attack). HSTS prevents this by making the browser upgrade to HTTPS before making any request.

How to fix it

Add this header to your HTTPS responses: Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains Nginx: add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always; Apache: Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" Only add HSTS after you are certain your entire site works over HTTPS, including all subdomains if you use includeSubDomains.

What is this?

Content Security Policy (CSP) is a browser security feature that lets you control which resources (scripts, styles, images, fonts) a page is allowed to load, and from which origins.

Why does it matter?

CSP is one of the most effective defences against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks. Without CSP, an attacker who injects malicious JavaScript into your page can load resources from anywhere, steal session cookies, or redirect users.

How to fix it

Add a Content-Security-Policy header. Start with a report-only policy to detect issues without breaking anything: Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; Once tested, switch to enforcing: Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; ... CSP policies can be complex for sites with third-party scripts. Use https://csp-evaluator.withgoogle.com/ to evaluate your policy.

What is this?

X-Frame-Options controls whether your website can be embedded in an <iframe>, <frame>, or <object> on another website.

Why does it matter?

Without this header, attackers can embed your site invisibly in an iframe on a malicious page and trick users into clicking buttons or links without knowing it (clickjacking). This can be used to perform actions on behalf of a logged-in user.

How to fix it

Add one of these response headers: X-Frame-Options: DENY — prevents all framing X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN — allows framing only from the same domain Nginx: add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always; Apache: Header always set X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" Modern alternative: use CSP with frame-ancestors directive: Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'self';

What is this?

X-Content-Type-Options with the value "nosniff" tells browsers not to guess (sniff) the content type of a response, but to strictly use the Content-Type header the server sends.

Why does it matter?

Without this header, a browser might interpret an uploaded text file as JavaScript if it contains script-like content — a technique attackers can exploit to run malicious code even when file uploads are allowed.

How to fix it

Add this header to all responses: X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff Nginx: add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always; Apache: Header always set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" Laravel: add to middleware or in .htaccess.

What is this?

The Referrer-Policy header controls how much information about the originating page is included in the Referer header when a user navigates away from your site or when resources are loaded.

Why does it matter?

Without a Referrer-Policy, the full URL of the current page (which may include session tokens, user IDs, or sensitive paths) is sent to external sites in the Referer header. This can leak private information to third-party analytics, CDN providers, or ad networks.

How to fix it

Recommended value: Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin (sends origin only for cross-origin requests, full URL for same-origin) Nginx: add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always; Apache: Header always set Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" Alternatives: no-referrer (most private), same-origin (no cross-origin referrer).

What is this?

Time To First Byte (TTFB) is the time between the browser sending a request and receiving the first byte of the response from the server. It reflects server processing time, not download speed.

Why does it matter?

A slow TTFB means the server takes too long to process each request — caused by slow database queries, no caching, or underpowered hosting. Google uses TTFB as a signal in Core Web Vitals. Pages with high TTFB feel slow even on fast connections.

How to fix it

Common fixes depending on the cause: 1. Enable server-side caching - WordPress: WP Super Cache, W3 Total Cache - Laravel: Response caching, OPcache - Nginx: FastCGI cache 2. Add a CDN (Content Delivery Network) - Cloudflare (free tier available) - Serves cached responses from edge servers close to the visitor 3. Optimise slow database queries - Enable query logging and identify N+1 problems - Add database indexes 4. Upgrade hosting - Shared hosting often has high TTFB under load - Consider a VPS or managed hosting like Laravel Forge + DigitalOcean Note: our measurement is taken from our server. Geographic distance adds latency — use a CDN to reduce this globally.